{ "schema_version": 1, "title": "Zagreb · klimatski kontekst 2016.–2025.", "period": { "start_local": "2016-01-01T00:00:00+01:00", "end_local_exclusive": "2026-01-01T00:00:00+01:00", "timezone": "Europe/Zagreb", "years": 10, "hours": 87672, "label_hr": "Desetogodišnji prosjek; nije 30-godišnja klimatska normala." }, "source": { "name": "Copernicus ERA5, public Earthmover Icechunk distribution", "dataset": "reanalysis-era5-single-levels", "doi": "10.24381/cds.adbb2d47", "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/earthmover-era5/", "store": "s3://earthmover-icechunk-era5/icechunkV2", "group": "single/temporal", "snapshot_id": "ZFKDHBCTBVHVXM3BQFV0", "retrieved_on": "2026-10-10", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "grid_degrees": 0.25, "native_atmospheric_resolution_km": 31, "attribution": "Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information (ERA5). Distributed by Earthmover under CC BY 4.0. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains." }, "spatial": { "method": "Cell-center values assigned to 0.25° grid footprints; weights are Zagreb polygon intersection areas in EPSG:3765. No spatial downscaling.", "city_area_km2": 641.22362, "cells": [ { "id": "45.50_16.00", "latitude": 45.5, "longitude": 16.0, "city_area_m2": 1961978.3199236256, "weight": 0.003059741204086005 }, { "id": "45.75_15.75", "latitude": 45.75, "longitude": 15.75, "city_area_m2": 80246587.21551618, "weight": 0.12514602577267725 }, { "id": "45.75_16.00", "latitude": 45.75, "longitude": 16.0, "city_area_m2": 353596794.1251145, "weight": 0.5514406910772822 }, { "id": "45.75_16.25", "latitude": 45.75, "longitude": 16.25, "city_area_m2": 63008815.847910516, "weight": 0.09826340490756487 }, { "id": "46.00_16.00", "latitude": 46.0, "longitude": 16.0, "city_area_m2": 100005597.87022771, "weight": 0.15596056558601665 }, { "id": "46.00_16.25", "latitude": 46.0, "longitude": 16.25, "city_area_m2": 42403842.95316667, "weight": 0.06612957145237296 } ], "boundary_sha256": "8c49600927f69a3385d4dd4c718c8c8e592a5417e7f1cd1b773f08ee5fee326c" }, "method": { "vpd": "max(0, 0.6108 exp(17.27 T/(T+237.3)) − 0.6108 exp(17.27 Td/(Td+237.3))), T and Td in °C, output kPa; computed per grid cell and hour BEFORE spatial or temporal averaging.", "vpd_reference": "https://www.fao.org/4/x0490e/x0490e07.htm", "calendar": "Europe/Zagreb calendar years and months. Instantaneous T, Td and wind use the hour-start timestamp. tp and ssrd are native 1-hour accumulations ending at valid_time and assigned to the preceding hour.", "annual_mean": "Mean of ten yearly means; accumulated variables are averaged annual totals. Monthly climatology averages the ten individual year-month results equally.", "wind_speed": "sqrt(u10²+v10²) computed per cell-hour before averaging; not magnitude of average wind vector.", "percentiles": "Percentiles of the area-weighted city-hour series; do not describe interstreet differences.", "summer": "June, July and August; afternoon 12:00–17:59 Europe/Zagreb.", "radiation": "Downward shortwave energy on a horizontal model surface; not sunshine duration or building/terrain-specific shading.", "roundoff": "Tiny negative precipitation/radiation values clipped to zero for physical sums; raw input retained unchanged." }, "annual": [ { "year": 2016, "hours": 8784, "temperature_mean_c": 12.10151, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.32054, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.51262, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.09252, "precipitation_sum_mm": 971.86274, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1274.63946 }, { "year": 2017, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.29877, "dewpoint_mean_c": 6.77325, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.59508, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.19232, "precipitation_sum_mm": 982.9296, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1389.32779 }, { "year": 2018, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.77638, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.26515, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.50402, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.98854, "precipitation_sum_mm": 987.72224, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1306.1367 }, { "year": 2019, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.80522, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.01516, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.50213, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.04533, "precipitation_sum_mm": 1077.85686, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1308.88437 }, { "year": 2020, "hours": 8784, "temperature_mean_c": 12.44186, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.17779, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.53032, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.09755, "precipitation_sum_mm": 964.79238, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1360.2476 }, { "year": 2021, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.10809, "dewpoint_mean_c": 6.82211, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.56961, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.01345, "precipitation_sum_mm": 838.93474, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1369.407 }, { "year": 2022, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.99303, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.4706, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.60905, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.99683, "precipitation_sum_mm": 823.61678, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1352.77338 }, { "year": 2023, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 13.23546, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.65923, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.50391, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.17476, "precipitation_sum_mm": 1116.84728, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1320.35844 }, { "year": 2024, "hours": 8784, "temperature_mean_c": 13.64876, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.7164, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.58435, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.0319, "precipitation_sum_mm": 885.84243, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1362.02555 }, { "year": 2025, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.65461, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.62823, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.55796, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.99565, "precipitation_sum_mm": 864.04176, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1324.30892 } ], "monthly": [ { "month": 1, "years": 10, "hours": 7440, "temperature_mean_c": 1.76103, "dewpoint_mean_c": -0.99625, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.13892, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.0966, "precipitation_mean_mm": 62.76846, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 19.06178, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 146.56278, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 42.86878, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 36.2147, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 48.02989 }, { "month": 2, "years": 10, "hours": 6792, "temperature_mean_c": 4.83505, "dewpoint_mean_c": 0.54483, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.25061, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.31957, "precipitation_mean_mm": 61.77075, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 27.48602, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 148.95376, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 62.49817, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 48.03501, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 71.47398 }, { "month": 3, "years": 10, "hours": 7430, "temperature_mean_c": 8.1128, "dewpoint_mean_c": 1.82191, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.42504, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.40613, "precipitation_mean_mm": 63.19751, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 22.93039, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 114.31411, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 110.89866, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 90.81192, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 132.27381 }, { "month": 4, "years": 10, "hours": 7200, "temperature_mean_c": 12.33308, "dewpoint_mean_c": 5.3316, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.60071, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.42961, "precipitation_mean_mm": 67.88747, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 22.13676, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 117.14658, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 145.26579, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 131.60888, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 177.76384 }, { "month": 5, "years": 10, "hours": 7440, "temperature_mean_c": 16.36933, "dewpoint_mean_c": 10.55796, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.64597, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.193, "precipitation_mean_mm": 115.42968, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 65.58489, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 187.82975, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 164.30031, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 122.36953, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 184.62821 }, { "month": 6, "years": 10, "hours": 7200, "temperature_mean_c": 22.03241, "dewpoint_mean_c": 15.10763, "vpd_mean_kpa": 1.01863, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.97965, "precipitation_mean_mm": 84.88701, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 18.96461, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 155.6431, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 187.24184, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 163.20844, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 211.25637 }, { "month": 7, "years": 10, "hours": 7440, "temperature_mean_c": 23.35636, "dewpoint_mean_c": 15.84722, "vpd_mean_kpa": 1.16116, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.84919, "precipitation_mean_mm": 83.69152, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 22.4362, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 130.88495, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 191.09091, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 177.90175, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 202.8284 }, { "month": 8, "years": 10, "hours": 7440, "temperature_mean_c": 22.91366, "dewpoint_mean_c": 16.10542, "vpd_mean_kpa": 1.06244, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.84968, "precipitation_mean_mm": 74.46955, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 44.48897, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 159.44385, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 165.49749, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 151.7878, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 179.59307 }, { "month": 9, "years": 10, "hours": 7200, "temperature_mean_c": 17.84112, "dewpoint_mean_c": 12.84011, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.63123, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.90131, "precipitation_mean_mm": 92.7356, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 56.57286, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 169.45482, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 115.02135, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 96.61624, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 127.47585 }, { "month": 10, "years": 10, "hours": 7450, "temperature_mean_c": 12.60851, "dewpoint_mean_c": 9.14357, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.33691, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.95213, "precipitation_mean_mm": 78.20945, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 21.56278, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 147.91528, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 78.7942, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 63.92043, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 88.28576 }, { "month": 11, "years": 10, "hours": 7200, "temperature_mean_c": 6.94872, "dewpoint_mean_c": 4.66341, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.15796, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.92749, "precipitation_mean_mm": 94.56299, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 36.22897, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 139.09532, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 40.1248, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 33.40002, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 46.78937 }, { "month": 12, "years": 10, "hours": 7440, "temperature_mean_c": 2.91674, "dewpoint_mean_c": 0.83016, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.11413, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.87204, "precipitation_mean_mm": 71.83471, "precipitation_annual_min_mm": 10.20737, "precipitation_annual_max_mm": 107.11714, "solar_mean_kwh_m2": 33.20862, "solar_annual_min_kwh_m2": 25.36669, "solar_annual_max_kwh_m2": 40.0515 } ], "year_month": [ { "year": 2016, "month": 1, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": 0.68588, "dewpoint_mean_c": -1.8639, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.12826, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.86309, "precipitation_sum_mm": 76.16604, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 43.2102 }, { "year": 2016, "month": 2, "hours": 696, "temperature_mean_c": 6.59538, "dewpoint_mean_c": 3.31116, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.21805, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.38386, "precipitation_sum_mm": 148.95376, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 49.51239 }, { "year": 2016, "month": 3, "hours": 743, "temperature_mean_c": 7.59583, "dewpoint_mean_c": 2.88816, 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"solar_sum_kwh_m2": 180.80523 }, { "year": 2016, "month": 8, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": 21.19019, "dewpoint_mean_c": 14.38716, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.94343, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.17484, "precipitation_sum_mm": 56.92558, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 162.85748 }, { "year": 2016, "month": 9, "hours": 720, "temperature_mean_c": 18.72766, "dewpoint_mean_c": 13.22541, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.71244, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.88534, "precipitation_sum_mm": 63.86193, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 120.34939 }, { "year": 2016, "month": 10, "hours": 745, "temperature_mean_c": 10.65733, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.26638, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.27848, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.93885, "precipitation_sum_mm": 68.53002, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 63.92043 }, { "year": 2016, "month": 11, "hours": 720, "temperature_mean_c": 6.6451, "dewpoint_mean_c": 3.91094, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.17807, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.21869, "precipitation_sum_mm": 118.4449, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 41.44227 }, { "year": 2016, "month": 12, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": -0.54469, "dewpoint_mean_c": -2.93155, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.10419, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.39292, "precipitation_sum_mm": 10.20737, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 40.0515 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 1, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": -3.48061, "dewpoint_mean_c": -6.81594, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.10582, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.33848, "precipitation_sum_mm": 45.27965, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 45.22543 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 2, "hours": 672, "temperature_mean_c": 4.64131, "dewpoint_mean_c": 0.94207, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.22347, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.36544, "precipitation_sum_mm": 70.62448, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 64.73927 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 3, "hours": 743, "temperature_mean_c": 9.97672, "dewpoint_mean_c": 3.0502, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.51953, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.28788, "precipitation_sum_mm": 32.52998, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 120.00431 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 4, "hours": 720, "temperature_mean_c": 12.04479, "dewpoint_mean_c": 4.99176, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.57666, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.40772, "precipitation_sum_mm": 66.0634, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 141.52595 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 5, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": 17.36725, "dewpoint_mean_c": 10.53125, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.77589, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.14259, "precipitation_sum_mm": 78.09008, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 184.62821 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 6, "hours": 720, "temperature_mean_c": 22.37699, "dewpoint_mean_c": 14.77062, "vpd_mean_kpa": 1.0961, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.00589, "precipitation_sum_mm": 89.41283, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 192.37775 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 7, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": 23.60535, "dewpoint_mean_c": 14.45469, "vpd_mean_kpa": 1.37921, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.94068, "precipitation_sum_mm": 60.57476, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 202.8284 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 8, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": 23.60477, "dewpoint_mean_c": 15.26132, "vpd_mean_kpa": 1.31759, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.95758, "precipitation_sum_mm": 47.19385, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 177.52374 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 9, "hours": 720, "temperature_mean_c": 15.34984, "dewpoint_mean_c": 11.48837, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.41938, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.10023, "precipitation_sum_mm": 169.45482, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 96.61624 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 10, "hours": 745, "temperature_mean_c": 11.6513, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.90255, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.34222, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.00716, "precipitation_sum_mm": 78.06763, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 87.77413 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 11, "hours": 720, "temperature_mean_c": 6.68298, "dewpoint_mean_c": 3.80273, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.19129, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.35153, "precipitation_sum_mm": 139.09532, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 38.26178 }, { "year": 2017, "month": 12, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": 3.25547, "dewpoint_mean_c": 0.58535, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.15492, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.42289, "precipitation_sum_mm": 106.5428, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 37.82258 }, { "year": 2018, "month": 1, "hours": 744, "temperature_mean_c": 4.50695, "dewpoint_mean_c": 2.11938, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.13958, 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"attributes": { "standard_name": "status_flag", "long_name": "Quality-control status flag for ERA5 backfill (one value per hour)", "units": "1", "flag_values": [ 0, 100, 101, 102, 103, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], "flag_meanings": "valid_data not_yet_populated unavailable will_never_exist not_requested malformed_data decompression_error read_error corrupt_data processing_error", "valid_range": [ 0, 254 ], "GRIB_shortName": "2d", "GRIB_name": "2 metre dewpoint temperature", "GRIB_cfVarName": "d2m", "GRIB_paramId": 168 }, "counts": { "0.0": 87673 } }, "u10": { "attributes": { "standard_name": "status_flag", "long_name": "Quality-control status flag for ERA5 backfill (one value per hour)", "units": "1", "flag_values": [ 0, 100, 101, 102, 103, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], "flag_meanings": "valid_data not_yet_populated unavailable will_never_exist not_requested malformed_data decompression_error read_error corrupt_data processing_error", "valid_range": [ 0, 254 ], "GRIB_shortName": "10u", "GRIB_name": "10 metre U wind component", "GRIB_cfVarName": "u10", "GRIB_paramId": 165 }, "counts": { "0.0": 87673 } }, "v10": { "attributes": { "standard_name": "status_flag", "long_name": "Quality-control status flag for ERA5 backfill (one value per hour)", "units": "1", "flag_values": [ 0, 100, 101, 102, 103, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], "flag_meanings": "valid_data not_yet_populated unavailable will_never_exist not_requested malformed_data decompression_error read_error corrupt_data processing_error", "valid_range": [ 0, 254 ], "GRIB_shortName": "10v", "GRIB_name": "10 metre V wind component", "GRIB_cfVarName": "v10", "GRIB_paramId": 166 }, "counts": { "0.0": 87673 } }, "tp": { "attributes": { "standard_name": "status_flag", "long_name": "Quality-control status flag for ERA5 backfill (one value per hour)", "units": "1", "flag_values": [ 0, 100, 101, 102, 103, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], "flag_meanings": "valid_data not_yet_populated unavailable will_never_exist not_requested malformed_data decompression_error read_error corrupt_data processing_error", "valid_range": [ 0, 254 ], "GRIB_shortName": "tp", "GRIB_name": "Total precipitation", "GRIB_cfVarName": "tp", "GRIB_paramId": 228, "accumulation_comment": "accumulations are over 1 hour ending at `valid_time`. Reference: https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/CKB/ERA5%3A+data+documentation#heading-Meanratesfluxesandaccumulations" }, "counts": { "0.0": 87673 } }, "ssrd": { "attributes": { "standard_name": "status_flag", "long_name": "Quality-control status flag for ERA5 backfill (one value per hour)", "units": "1", "flag_values": [ 0, 100, 101, 102, 103, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204 ], "flag_meanings": "valid_data not_yet_populated unavailable will_never_exist not_requested malformed_data decompression_error read_error corrupt_data processing_error", "valid_range": [ 0, 254 ], "GRIB_shortName": "ssrd", "GRIB_name": "Surface short-wave (solar) radiation downwards", "GRIB_cfVarName": "ssrd", "GRIB_paramId": 169, "accumulation_comment": "accumulations are over 1 hour ending at `valid_time`. Reference: https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/CKB/ERA5%3A+data+documentation#heading-Meanratesfluxesandaccumulations" }, "counts": { "0.0": 87673 } } }, "validation": "Internal unit, time-coverage, missingness and physical-range checks. No local weather-station validation performed.", "prior_analysis_comparison": { "point": { "latitude": 45.75, "longitude": 16.0 }, "hours": 87672, "same_timestamps": true, "comparisons": { "temperature_2m": { "old_mean": 12.814092298567388, "native_mean": 12.792593617773893, "mean_absolute_difference": 0.03182614404186743, "p99_absolute_difference": 0.07417169189454084, "max_absolute_difference": 1.4096069335937274 }, "relative_humidity_2m": { "old_mean": 74.49964640934392, "native_mean": 74.47491788501155, "mean_absolute_difference": 0.2632676015522616, "p99_absolute_difference": 0.6543762210507633, "max_absolute_difference": 5.526298229982643 }, "wind_speed_10m": { "old_mean": 2.047196710466283, "native_mean": 2.047140598297119, "mean_absolute_difference": 0.02185498332039123, "p99_absolute_difference": 0.06071311664581292, "max_absolute_difference": 1.1583273601531983 }, "wind_direction_10m": { "old_mean": 159.53125285153754, "native_mean": 157.44996643066406, "mean_absolute_difference": 0.9701915089694, "p99_absolute_difference": 5.937547760009707, "max_absolute_difference": 175.24420166015625 }, "shortwave_radiation": { "old_mean": 152.6109134045077, "native_mean": 152.60943603515625, "mean_absolute_difference": 0.14442367849354654, "p99_absolute_difference": 0.4933319091796875, "max_absolute_difference": 49.39111328125 }, "precipitation": { "old_mean": 0.10435258691486449, "native_mean": 0.10824450105428696, "mean_absolute_difference": 0.008044558640041537, "p99_absolute_difference": 0.07390975952148438, "max_absolute_difference": 1.0649070739746094 } }, "vpd": { "old_annual_mean_kpa": 0.5548118821735356, "new_annual_mean_kpa": 0.5542014117209026, "mean_absolute_difference_kpa": 0.004645126002446194, "old_summer_mean_kpa": 1.1039855823413967, "new_summer_mean_kpa": 1.1021695649136287 }, "notes": [ "Same ERA5 native point and hourly timestamps; old public API values are rounded and RH is derived, while new VPD uses native T and Td.", "Rare larger differences are not explained by display rounding. The maximum temperature difference (1.4096 C on 2021-12-07 03 UTC) was checked against the independent public Google ARCO ERA5 mirror: new Earthmover data agree within 0.000763 K. ECMWF documents ERA5T-to-final revisions in Sep-Dec 2021; retention of a preliminary vintage in the old supplier file is plausible, but not established from that file metadata.", "Current city aggregation includes six grid footprints and a local-calendar period. It is expected to differ from the original single-point UTC-calendar summary." ] }, "spotcheck_result": { "time": "2021-12-07T03:00", "earthmover_temperature_k": 271.34039306640625, "old_openmeteo_temperature_c": -0.4, "google_arco_temperature_k": 271.3396301269531, "google_earthmover_abs_difference_k": 0.000762939453125, "source_url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/full_37-1h-0p25deg-chunk-1.zarr-v3/2m_temperature/1068843.0.0", "bytes_downloaded": 2343577 } }, "limitations_hr": [ "Regionalni modelirani klimatski kontekst; nije mjerenje pojedine zgrade, ulice ili urbanističkog bloka.", "Mreža 0,25° i izvorni atmosferski model oko 31 km ne razlučuju gradske mikroklimatske razlike. Presjek ćelija s granicom grada služi agregiranju, ne povećanju rezolucije.", "VPD opisuje atmosfersku potrebu za vodom; sam ne dokazuje vodni stres stabla niti stvarno evaporativno hlađenje.", "LST, temperatura zraka, VPD, MRT i UTCI različiti su pokazatelji; ova analiza ne procjenjuje MRT ni UTCI.", "Oborinske vrijednosti nisu lokalne projektne pljuskovne krivulje i ne zamjenjuju DHMZ podatke za hidrauličko dimenzioniranje." ], "representative_cell": { "latitude": 45.75, "longitude": 16.0, "annual": [ { "year": 2016, "hours": 8784, "temperature_mean_c": 12.19177, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.3401, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.5251, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.07813, "precipitation_sum_mm": 970.56532, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1274.06928 }, { "year": 2017, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.37461, "dewpoint_mean_c": 6.82492, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.60289, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.17548, "precipitation_sum_mm": 985.1222, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1391.52 }, { "year": 2018, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.84796, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.32475, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.50842, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.97264, "precipitation_sum_mm": 981.49538, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1305.26444 }, { "year": 2019, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.87461, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.0916, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.505, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.02451, "precipitation_sum_mm": 1071.68686, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1309.83609 }, { "year": 2020, "hours": 8784, "temperature_mean_c": 12.5236, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.22605, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.53843, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.08354, "precipitation_sum_mm": 958.39787, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1361.43829 }, { "year": 2021, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.20049, "dewpoint_mean_c": 6.8782, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.57839, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.99633, "precipitation_sum_mm": 838.88471, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1370.88402 }, { "year": 2022, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 13.09699, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.51127, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.62299, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.98672, "precipitation_sum_mm": 819.0428, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1355.00446 }, { "year": 2023, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 13.31972, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.73731, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.50807, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.15985, "precipitation_sum_mm": 1110.30281, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1322.01063 }, { "year": 2024, "hours": 8784, "temperature_mean_c": 13.76475, "dewpoint_mean_c": 8.78679, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.5946, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 2.01425, "precipitation_sum_mm": 882.75397, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1363.09221 }, { "year": 2025, "hours": 8760, "temperature_mean_c": 12.73101, "dewpoint_mean_c": 7.72711, "vpd_mean_kpa": 0.55814, "wind_speed_mean_ms": 1.97975, "precipitation_sum_mm": 871.76001, "solar_sum_kwh_m2": 1326.4554 } ] } }